The understanding of administrative decrees and rules on
how vital statistics were to be kept helps the family historian to determine
what type of information he or she may hope to find in such registers. To impart
such an understanding is the intent of this brief sketch of such registers in
Austrian Galicia.
Basic changes in the form and content of vital statistics
registers in Galicia were outlined in an imperial decree issued by Emperor
Joseph II on February 20, 1784. At this time the old format of keeping vital
statistics registers which had predominated in pre-partitioned Poland, was
suspended. The old method of recording births, deaths and marriages had been
established by the Church in Rome in 1714. The 1784 regulations decreed that
"each pastor is to keep three separate registers, that is, for marriages, births
and deaths." These registers were to be written in Latin and the events for each
village were to be recorded separately by village. This was a fundamental change
from the old method of keeping all the records from all the villages of the
entire parish together. Additionally, the title of the baptismal registers
(libri baptisatorum) was to be changed to birth registers (libri natorum). This
may seem to be a minor adjustment but it was in fact significant. It reflected
the fact that Catholic priests were to function as civil registrars of vital
statistics for all non-Catholic Christian denominations, as well as for Jews.
A columnar format was also decreed as a part of the
reform. Columns specifically enumerated in the instructions included: year,
month, and date of the child’s birth; house number; name of the person baptized;
sex; status (legitimate or illegitimate); names of both parents and their
religion; names of godparents and their occupations.
The decree of 1784 further stated that only the registers
kept by the Catholic priests were to be considered official state documents. At
this time, record books kept by Protestant and Jewish congregations were
considered to be private. In 1849 Protestant clergy were also given status as
civil registrars with the same full legal rights to act in this capacity as
Catholic priests. Jewish record keepers were granted titles as vital registrars
in July of 1868.
The 1784 decree made Latin the official language of
record-keeping for all three Catholic rites (Roman, Greek and Armenian). In the
second half of the 19th
century, as a result of a growing Ukrainian nationalist movement, provisions
were to allow record-keeping in Ukrainian in Uniate parishes.
Along with these general instructions on the form and
content of the records, numerous decrees and regulations governed the making of
changes and additions to such records. For example, a decree issued in Lwow in
October of 1836 warned vital record keepers that if an error occurred in the
recording of a name, date or other important item in the records, all additions
and corrections had to be approved in writing by the Provincial Administrator’s
Office. When such permission was granted, it was forbidden to erase or cross out
any item in the original records. Any alterations were to be made separately in
the margin or on a separate piece of paper which became part of the official
record. A series of decrees in 1844, 1890 and 1895 provided detailed specific
information to record keepers. Any falsifications discovered made the
perpetrator subject to severe punishment in a court of law.
An 1888 decree reminded vital statistics registrars that
the books were to be carefully conserved and were not to "leave the parish
offices under any circumstance." This undoubtedly was a result of teachers
"borrowing" the records to ferret out school-aged children to insure they were
attending school.
Certain other changes are also worth noting. In the
beginning of the 1900’s priests were allowed to not the names of the
grandparents of each child baptized to insure that each individual was properly
identified. Undoubtedly this was necessary in villages where the same surname
repeated frequently. In 1825 a decree was issued advising registrars to add the
name of the midwife present at birth. In 1850 the Bishop of
Tarnów, Josef Grzegorowicz, advised record keepers that to insure maximum
accuracy in recording data in the registers, all information should be
cross-checked with information in the parish census (taken in all Galician
parishes in the 19th century).
Other civil regulations affecting the recording of data
included the 1886 decree which state that birth registers were to contain only
children who were to be considered regular live births or "developed
stillbirths." This, of course, excluded very premature deliveries or other
circumstance which did not comply with the above. In the case of baptisms
performed by lay persons-permitted by the Catholic Church when death was
imminent-Church regulations required that such babies who survived were to be
baptized later in an official ceremony. However, poorer families, wishing to
avoid payment of church fees and other financial obligations, frequently ignored
the regulations. This practice was common enough to generate an imperial decree
by Franz I in 1913, especially directed to Galician priests, that in such cases
the child was to be entered into the birth register but the column requiring the
names of godparents left blank until the time when an official ceremony was
performed. Other practices by the people further generated more ecclesiastical
and civil decrees vis-а-vis entries in church registers. In some cases,
residents of villages which were closer in distance to a parish church other
than their own had children baptized in an adjacent parish. In 1886 the Ministry
of Internal Affairs provided detailed procedural instructions for such cases.
The pastor of the neighboring church was to enter the baptism and birth in his
register but was prohibited from assigning the entry a document number. He also
was forbidden to issue any duplicate certificates based on these types of
entries. Within eight days of the baptism, a long verbatim copy of the entry was
to be sent to the parish of residence. The pastor of the parish of residence was
then to incorporate the entry into his records and assign it a document entry
number. Only he was authorized to issue legally valid copies. In the Diocese of
Tarnów, the bishop in 1857 suggested that pastors keep
separate registers for these "extraterritorial" baptisms. Similar regulations
governed children born in hospitals or other institutions and baptized by
chaplains. Entries of their baptisms were to be officially recorded in the
records of the parish where the hospital was located, even though the baptism
was performed by the hospital clergyman.
A complicated and cumbersome series of regulations also
governed the recording of births and baptisms involving children of non-local
military personnel. A series of regulations passed by the Ministry of Military
Affairs in the years 1884-1890 attempted to resolve all questions as to who was
to enter such births in which register. These regulations supplemented others
passed in 1869 and 1877. In short, if the military facility had over a thousand
soldiers and had no resident priest, the recording of births was the
responsibility of the local pastor who was to keep separate "military"
registers. If a clergyman was assigned to the military units, then the
responsibility for recording vital records fell upon him. If less than a
thousand persons constituted a military facility then the local priest was
responsible for this duty but had to submit these records on a quarterly basis
to the military chaplain for the entire district. Additionally, the Galician
dioceses obligated their record keepers to send copies of these records to
non-military civil authorities as well.
The problem of births out of wedlock was also accorded
much attention. Regulations in 1784 instructed record keepers "not to enter the
name of the father into the birth register since such notations, based on the
statement of the mother, are based on uncertain and unprovable facts, and
furthermore, the entry of the name would provide no legal advantage to either
the mother or the child." The only time the father’s name was to be recorded was
if he himself acknowledged paternity. This regulation was ignored as another
imperial decree was issued in 1787 addressing the same topic, stating "the
person who can be registered as the father has to be well known to the
godparents and who acknowledges the child as his and furthermore demands that
his declaration be entered into the official record." Further regulations were
issued in 1914, which would seem to indicate a continued lack of conformance by
record keepers. The legitimization of a birth out of wedlock, as can be
imagined, was governed by a labyrinth of state regulations, requiring sworn
statements in the presence of two witnesses.
In addition to these regulations, a series of directives
and rules were passed to insure the careful protection and preservations of the
records themselves. Regulations of 1784, issued by Emperor Joseph II, directed
bishops to review the record keeping practices in each parish during official
pastoral visits. Additionally, country officials were directed to do the same.
In the 1830’s the central government in Vienna also "jumped on the bandwagon",
so to speak, regarding the issue. For example, in March 1830 civil officials
demanded that record keepers of all faiths assign page numbers to each page in a
volume and a statement to be entered into the register as to the number of pages
it contained. An official seal and signature was to accompany these statements.
The Austrian civil officials, interested in the registers
for tax and military obligation purposes, required that duplicate copies of
registers be sent to the Imperial Chancery by the end of February each year. In
the case of Galicia this was modified and two copies of such records were to be
sent to the dean of each deanery. The copies were checked for accuracy with the
original. One copy was retained and the other sent to the Bishop’s Consistory.
Up until 1836 the necessity of forwarding duplicate registers applied only to
birth and marriage records. After 1836 duplicates of death registers were to be
sent as well. Jewish registers, according to a decree of the ministry of
Internal Affairs dated December 6, 1873, were to be sent to the starosta
of each country. In 1884 the Bishop of Kraków, Albin
Dunajewski, reminded record keepers of the obligation of forwarding these
duplicates to the proper authorities, thus we may speculate that the record
keepers were not doing so in a consistent manner.
Another interesting regulation of March 20, 1803 states
that the Austrian authorities required that record books be kept in the church
sacristy and not in the rectory, to protect them from fires. In the case of a
fire, pastors were instructed to do all that was humanly possible to save these
records from destruction. A diocesan guidebook from the Archdiocese of Lwow in
1913 discussed this topic, stating that pastors indeed did take good care of
their records. Of 258 parishes, only 4, established before the 18th
century, did not have any records dating from that time. Furthermore, it was
added that 146 parishes possessed registers from before the end of the 18th
century; 40 parishes’ records dated from the 19th century; and the
remaining parishes in the Archdioceses, all established after 1900, had 20th
century documentations. Invariable the holdings suffered after the occupation of
the territory by the Soviets.
